Which of the following components of the AREDS I ocular vitamin formula used for dry age-related macular degeneration is contraindicated in smokers?

Beta-carotene is recognized as contraindicated in smokers due to its association with an increased risk of lung cancer in this population. The findings of the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) highlighted that smokers who took beta-carotene supplements had a higher incidence of lung cancer compared to those who did not, leading to recommendations against its use in individuals with a smoking history.

In the context of the AREDS I formulation, beta-carotene was included primarily for its role as a precursor to vitamin A and its antioxidant properties. However, because of the significant risk demonstrated for smokers, healthcare providers advise against its inclusion in the treatment regimen for patients who smoke, thus underscoring the importance of tailoring nutritional interventions to the patient’s lifestyle and health history.

The other components of the AREDS formulation, such as copper, vitamin E, and zinc, do not have the same contraindications associated with smoking and can thus be safely included in the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration for both smokers and non-smokers.